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  • Canada

    AT A GLANCE

    OUR JURISDICTIONS —

    Canada

    LAST UPDATED 29/02/2024

    AT A GLANCE

    Canada is a vast country in North America, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and north into the Arctic. With a stable government, skilled workforce, and high standard of living, Canada is known for its well-developed transportation system and natural resources. Its official languages are English and French, and Ottawa is the federal capital. The country is divided into 10 provinces and three territories, and its currency is the Canadian dollar (CAD).

    Canada’s economy is diverse, including businesses from small enterprises to multinational corporations. Historically based on agriculture and natural resources, the country has become a top manufacturing nation and developed a significant service-based sector. The United States is Canada’s main trading partner.

    Canada has abundant resources, a skilled workforce, modern infrastructure, and a strong banking system. The fluctuating oil prices have impacted the oil and gas sector and the overall economy. A lower Canadian dollar has boosted the manufacturing sector, increasing exports to the United States. The new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (CUSMA) has stabilized trade, but Canadian exporters still watch US policies closely.

    The Canadian economy recovered quickly from the COVID-19 pandemic, with interest rates rising and relief packages ending. The country faces current challenges like labor shortages and supply chain restrictions and is expected to enter a recession in early 2023.

    Key rates and dates:

    • Corporate income tax (CIT) rate: Federal 15%; Provincial/territorial 8-16%.
    • CIT return due date: Six months after the company’s taxation year-end.
    • Personal income tax (PIT) rate: Federal top rate 33%; Provincial/territorial top rates 11.5-21.8%.
    • PIT return due date: April 30 (June 15 for self-employed individuals).
    • Value-added tax (VAT) rate: Combined federal and provincial/territorial sales taxes range from 5% to 15%.
    • Withholding tax (WHT) rates: Non-resident 25% (may be reduced by treaty).
    • Capital gains tax (CGT) rates: Half of a capital gain is taxable and taxed at ordinary rates for both corporations and individuals.
    • No net wealth/worth, inheritance, or gift tax rates.

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    STEP TWO

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    Canada Tax Advice

    Company Residence Tax

    Canada determines company tax residency based on where the central management and control is exercised, typically resulting in resident companies being taxed on worldwide income at federal and provincial rates.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Consumption Tax

    Canada’s consumption tax includes the Goods and Services Tax (GST) at a standard rate of 5%, with some provinces combining it with Provincial Sales Tax (PST) to create a Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) that varies between 13% and 15%.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Corporate Consumption Tax

    In Canada, corporate consumption tax is levied through the Goods and Services Tax (GST) at 5%, and in some regions, harmonized with the Provincial Sales Tax (PST) into the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), affecting corporations’ purchases of goods and services.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Corporate Income Tax

    Canada’s Corporate Income Tax is a two-tier system where companies pay federal corporate tax at a rate of 15%, in addition to provincial or territorial tax, resulting in a combined rate that varies between approximately 25% to 31%.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Environmental Taxes

    Canada’s environmental tax includes various levies on products and activities that harm the environment, notably a carbon tax under the federal carbon pricing program, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by charging for carbon content.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Non-trading Company Income and Gains

    In Canada, non-trading companies are taxed on their income and gains, including investment income and capital gains, at the standard corporate tax rates applicable to their total income, without differentiation from trading income.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Payroll Taxes

    Canada’s payroll tax is a deduction from employees’ wages by employers to cover social security contributions, including Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Employment Insurance (EI), with rates and thresholds varying based on earnings and employment status.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Permanent Establishment

    In Canada, a permanent establishment is defined as a fixed place of business through which a non-resident company conducts its business, including offices and branches, which subjects it to Canadian corporate income tax on income attributable to the Canadian establishment.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Personal Tax

    Canada’s personal tax system is progressive, with federal tax rates ranging from 15% to 33% and additional provincial or territorial taxes, where individuals are taxed based on their income level, leading to higher earners paying a larger percentage of their income in taxes.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Property Taxes

    Canada’s property tax is a local tax imposed on property owners based on the assessed value of their property, with rates varying by municipality and used primarily to fund local services and infrastructure.

    Canada Tax Advice

    Wealth Taxes

    Canada does not impose a specific wealth tax, but individuals may be subject to capital gains tax on the sale of investments or property, and provinces may levy estate or inheritance taxes on the transfer of wealth upon death.

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